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Known examples of interpenetration

Current to 31/10/05 - Now with Selected Pictures!!

Dr. Stuart Batten
School of Chemistry
Monash University 3800
Australia
Ph: +61 3 9905 4606
Fax: +61 3 9905 4597
E-mail: stuart.batten@sci.monash.edu.au

In Review: "Interpenetrating Nets: Ordered, Periodic Entanglement", Stuart R. Batten and Richard Robson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, 37, 1460-1494; Angew. Chem., 1998, 110, 1558-1595. (Or "Catenane and Rotaxane Motifs in Interpenetrating and Self-Penetrating Coordination Polymers", Stuart R. Batten and Richard Robson, in Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, A Journey Through the World of Molecular Topology, eds. J.-P. Sauvage and C. Dietrich-Buchecker, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, 77-105.)

If you find this table useful, please cite “Topology of Interpenetration”, CrystEngComm, 2001, 3, 67-73.
http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=10.1039/B102400k

** A number of entries have been added or corrected thanks to the extensive CSD and ICSD database searches contained in the following papers: V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 377-395; I.A. Baburin, V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, J. Solid State Chem., 2005, 178, 2471-2493.

*** Every effort has been made to ensure this table is both comprehensive and correct, but if you know of any possible omissions or errors (and it is highly likely there will be examples of each), I would greatly appreciate the feedback. Compliments are also accepted! ***
Compound Notes # Reference
3D 6-connected other [ top ]
Eu[Ag(CN)2]3.3H2O and La[M(CN)2]3.3H2O, M = Ag, AgxAuy, Au 6-connected 3D net. Each identical net has hexagonal channels, whose sides are composed of zigzaging Eu-CN-Ag-CN-Eu links. The water molecules are trans to two CN's on the Eu, and point between two links of another net. Close contacts between the Ag's. Interpenetrating nets not remarked upon by authors. Topology is (49.66) acs. 3• Z. Assefa, R.J. Staples and J.P. Fackler Jr., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1995, 51, 2527-2529; J.C.F. Colis, C. Larochelle, R. Staples, R. Herbst-Irmer and H. Patterson, Dalton Trans., 2005, 675-679.
Cd(BPhDC)(BPE)(H2O), H2BPhDC = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, BPE = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane H-bonding crosslinks nets. Has (48.54.63) or β-Sn topology. 3 F.A.A. Paz, Y.Z. Khimyak, A.D. Bond, J. Rocha and J. Klinowski, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2002, 2823-2828.
[YbL3(OTf)][Cl][OTf]7 Complicated and novel topology. Ligands are [2]pseudorotazanes with dipyridinium N-oxide axles and dibenzo-[24]crown ether wheels. 2 D.J. Hoffart and S.J. Loeb, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 901-904.
C[CH2O-C6H4-C4N3(NH2)2]4 H-bonded nets. Topology is (49.66) acs. 2 D. Laliberte, T. Maris and J.D. Wuest, J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 1776-1787.
3D 8-Connected [ top ]
[M3(bpdc)3(bipy)].solv, M = Co, Zn, bpdc = biphenyldicarboxylate

8-Connecting nodes are M3(CO2)6 clusters bridged by 6 bpdc into a (3,6) sheet; these sheets are then connected together by bipy ligands.

2 L. Pan, H. Liu, X. Lei, X. Huang, D.H. Olson, N.J. Turro and J. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 542-546; Q. Fang, X. Shi, G. Wu, G. Tian, G. Zhu, R. Wang and S. Qiu, J. Solid State Chem., 2003, 176, 1-4; Q.-R. Fang, X. Shi, G. Wu, G. Tian, G.-S. Zhu, Y.-F. Li, L.-F. Wang, C.-L. Wang, Y. Chen, Z.-D. Zhang, Z. Guo, T.-C. Shang, X.-H. Cai and S.-L. Qiu, Huaxue Xuebao, 2002, 60, 2087-2091.
Tetrakis[(4-nitrobiphenoxy)methyl]methane .2DMSO Each molecule connected to 8 others via C-H...O interactions, however can be regarded as a diamond nets if the nodes alternate between the central C atoms and H-bonded square ring motifs. 4 D. Laliberte, T. Maris and J.D. Wuest, CrystEngComm, 2005, 7, 158-160.
Tetrakis[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]methane Each molecule connected to 8 others via N-H...N interactions, however can be regarded as a diamond nets if the nodes alternate between the central C atoms and H-bonded square ring motifs. 3 D. Laliberte, T. Maris, E. Demers, F. Helzy, M. Arseneault and J.D. Wuest, Cryst. Growth Des., 2005, 5, 1451-1456.
Nodes with different connectivity [ top ]
(3,4)-Connected Nets
K2[Cd(H2O)Cu4(CN)8]1.5H2O Two enantiomeric 3D 3,4-connected nets. 2• S. Nishikiori, J. Coord. Chem., 1996, 37, 23-38.
(NH4)[N(NO2)2] NH4 = 4-C, N3O4- = 2 by 3-C; H-bonding links. 2• R. Gilardi, J. Flippen-Anderson, C. George and R.J. Butcher, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 9411-9416.
[Ag2Si(p-C6H4CN)4][OTf]2.2C6H6 Related to Ag(tcm)(phz)1/2; cross-linked into a single, self-penetrating net thru close Ag-Ag contacts. 4• F.-Q. Liu and T.D. Tilley, Inorg. Chem., 1997, 36, 5090-5096.
Ag2(μ4-tta)(μ3-tta), Htta = tetrazole Complicated net with 3- and 4-connecting Ag and 3- and 4-connecting tta. Topology is (4.102)Ag(4.8.10)tta (42.83.10)Ag(42.6.8.102)tta 2 L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1999, 38, 3488-3492; Angew. Chem., 1999, 111, 3700-3704.
Ag2L2, L = 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylidene)indan Very complicated(83)2(85.10) net. 5 I. Ino, J.C. Zhong, M. Munakata, T. Kuroda-Sowa, M. Maekawa, Y. Suenaga and Y. Kitamori, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 4273-4279.
[H2N(CH2)2NH2]1/2ZnHPO3   2 J.A. Rodgers and W.T.A. Harrison, Chem. Commun., 2000, 2385-2386.
Cu3(BTB)2(H2O)3.(DMF)9(H2O)2, H3BTB = 4,4’,4’’-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid Two interpenetrating Pt3O4 nets. 2 B. Chen, M. Eddaoudi, S.T. Hyde, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, Science, 2001, 291, 1021-1023.
Ag(tcm)(phz)1/2

Bridged puckered hexagonal Ag(tcm) sheets; tetrahedral Ag.

2• S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, New J. Chem., 1998, 22, 173-175.
Cu(NH3)(py)Ag3-xCux(CN)5.py, py = pyridine Ag(tcm) - like, but connections b/w sheets give a structure analogous to Ag(tcm)(phz)1/2. If Ag dimers taken as nodes, then topology becomes that of rutile. 2• M. Schwarten, J. Chomic, J. Cernak and D. Babel, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1996, 622, 1449.
Cu3(tpt)4(ClO4)3

A (3,4)-connected net, or α-Po arrangement of Cu6(tpt)46+ clusters.

2• B.F. Abrahams, S.R. Batten, H. Hamit, B. F. Hoskins and R. Robson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 1690-2; Angew. Chem., 1996, 108, 1794-6.
Zn3(tpt)2(CN)3(NO3)3.G, G = guest molecules

A (3,4)-connected net, or α-Po arrangement of clusters.

2• S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 5385; S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins, R. Robson and D. Slizys, unpublished results.
[Cu(S-py2)]4Mo8O26.2H2O 4-connected net with Cu4L4 squares and Mo8O26 species as the 'square-planar' 4-connectors. Interpenetration such that the Mo8O26 nodes of one net lie in the centre of the Cu4L4 nodes of the other net. Could also be described as a 3,4-connected net, which Cu as the 3-connector. 2 D. Hagrman and J. Zubieta, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie IIc, Chimie, 2000, 3, 231-240.
Cu2(CN)2(bpe), bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene 3D net. 2 D.J. Chesnut, D. Plewak and J. Zubieta, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2001, 2567-80.
Cu2(CN)2(2,3-dmp), 2,3-dmp = 2,3-dimethylpyrazine 3D net. Table/text contradictary about interptn, but is interptg. 2 D.J. Chesnut, D. Plewak and J. Zubieta, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2001, 2567-80.
Cd1.5(BTC)(BPE)(H2O)2 .H2O, H3BTC = trimesic acid, BPE = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane Shortest circuits are 9-membered. 2 F.A.A. Paz and J. Klinowski, Inorg. Chem., 2004, 43, 3948-3954.
K6Yb3(PS4)5   2 J.A. Aitken and M.G. Kanatzidis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 11780-11781.
[Cu3(tpt)4](BF4)3.2/3tpt .5H2O, tpt = 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine Net has (83)(86) topology, the same as C3N4 or Cu15Si4. 2 D.N. Dybstev, H. Chun and K. Kim, Chem. Commun., 2004, 1594-1595.
[Cu(4,4'-bipyridine)]4V4O12 .2H2O V4O12 cluster acts as 4-connecting node. (83)(86) net. 2 C.-D. Zhang, S.-X. Liu, L.-H. Xie, B. Gao, C.-Y. Sun and D.-H. Li, J. Mol. Struct., 2005, 753, 40-44.
Ag(tpb)(NO3)(MeOH), tpb = 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)bimesityl If ligand considered as tetrahedral node, then topology is diamond. If ligand considered as two linked 3-connecting nodes, then becomes a 3,4-connected net with Wells' (8,3/4)-b (or (83)2(86)) topology. 2 R. Natarajan, G. Savitha, P. Dominiak, K. Wozniak and J.N. Moorthy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 2115-2119.
Mn(tpb)Cl2(MeOH)(H2O), tpb = 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)bimesityl If ligand considered as tetrahedral node, then topology is PtS. If ligand considered as two linked 3-connecting nodes, then becomes a 3,4-connected net with (4.122)2(42.124) topology. 2 R. Natarajan, G. Savitha, P. Dominiak, K. Wozniak and J.N. Moorthy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 2115-2119.
Cu3(ip)(ipH)(bipy)1.5, H2ip = isophthalic acid, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine 2D→2D parallel interpenetration of 3,4-connected nets. Cu2(O2CR)4 dimers are 4-connecting nodes. 2 Y.-H. Wen, J.-K. Cheng, Y.-L. Feng, J. Zhang, Z.-J. Li and Y.-G. Yao, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2005, 358, 3347-3354; Y.-H. Wen, J.-K. Cheng, Y.-L. Feng, J. Zhang, Z.-J. Li and Y.-G. Yao, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2005, 358, 3347-3354.
Cd3(isonicotinate)4(NO3)2 (4,4'-bipyridine)2(H2O)2 3D nets. 2 J.-H. Liao, C.-Y. Lai, C.-D. Ho and C.-T. Su, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2004, 7, 402-404.
K3[Cu6(CN)6I3]   2 A.M. Chippindale, S.J. Hibble and A.R. Cowley, Inorg. Chem., 2004, 43, 8040-8048.
Ca(H2O)2Ni(S2C2O2)2.4H2O (83)2(85.10) topology. 2 A. Gleizes, F. Maury and J. Galy, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 521-529.
[CuL2]KX, L = 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediolato, X = F.3H2O or Br.2H2O (4.102)2(42.104) topology. 2 S. Kotila and J. Valkonen, Acta Chem. Scand., 1994, 48, 312-318.
Cu3(EDTA)(4,4'-bipyridine)3.5 (H2O)(OH)2.2H2O (5.82)(4.52.6.7.8)2 topology. 2 Z. Shi, S. Feng, Y. Sun and J. Hua, Inorg. Chem., 2001, 40, 5312-5313.
Cu3(bipy)2(pydc)2.4H2O, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine, pydc = pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate If long Cu...O interactions (2.689 Å) are ignored, then highly undulating sheets; each sheet interlocked with 4 others. Otherwise, 2 interpenetrating 3,4-connected nets with (102.12)2(4.102)2(42.102.122) topology. 2 X.-M. Zhang and X.-M. Chen, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 413-417.
AgC(CN)2NO2 Two interpenetrating 3,4-connected, self-penetrating nets with (6.8.10)(6.8.10) (6.8.10)(82.10)(83.103) topology. 2 Y.M. Chow and D. Britton, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1974, 30, 147-151.
K6Yb3(PS4)5 3D nets. 2 J.A. Aitken and M.G. Kanatzidis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 11780-11781.
[Cu2Cl(chtpy)](NO3), chtpy = a,a-1,4-dihydroxy-e,e,e,e-1,2,4,5-tetra(4-pyridyl)cyclohexane (62.82.102)(62.8)2 topology. 2 M.-L. Tong, S. Hu, B. Wang and S.R. Batten, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 5471-5475.
[Cu2L(bipy)(H2O)2] [Cu(bipy)(H2O)4], L = mellitate, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine Two 3,4-connected 3D nets (and not PtS as implied in the paper), with 1D chains running down the channels. Mellitate anions form planar 4-connecting nodes, Cu atoms are 3-connecting nodes. 2 E. Yang, J. Zhang, Z.-J. Li, S. Gao, Y. Kang, Y.-B. Chen, Y.-H. Wen and Y.-G. Yao, Inorg. Chem., 2004, 43, 6525-6527.
Cs2O.9B2O3 Nodes are 3-connecting and 4-connecting B2O3 units. 2 J. Krogh-Moe and M. Ihara, Acta Crystallogr., 1967, 23, 427-430; J. Krogh-Moe, Ark. Kemi, 1959, 14, 451; A.C. Wright, R.N. Sinclair, C.E. Stone, K.S. Knight, I.G. Polyakova, N.M. Vedishcheva and B.A. Shakhmatkin, Phys. Chem. Glasses, 2003, 44, 197-202; N. Penin, M. Touboul and G. Nowogrocki, J. Solid State Chem., 2003, 175, 348-352.
Zn[Au(CN)2]2 and Co[Au(CN)2]2 Quartz net (chiral). 2 B.F. Hoskins, R. Robson and N.V.Y. Scarlett, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 1203; S.C. Abrahams, L.E. Zyontz and J.L. Bernstein, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 76, 5458-5461.
Ag2HgS2 (Imiterite) (4.82)(4.85) or dmc topology. 2 J.-J. Guillou, J. Monthel, P. Picot, F. Pillard, J. Protas and J.-C. Samama, Bull. Mineral., 1985, 108, 457-464.
Hg2[B(CN)4]2 Tetranodal (42.6)(63) (42.63.8)(65.8) topology. 2 M. Berkei, E. Bernhardt, M. Schuermann, M. Mehring and H. Willner, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2002, 628, 1734-1740.
Hg3OCl (Poyarkovite) Pentanodal (4.82)(4.85) topology. 2 N.V. Pervukhina, G.V. Romanenko, S.A. Magarill, V.I. Vasiliev and S.V. Borisov, J. Struct. Chem., 1999, 40, 155-158; V.I. Vasiliev, N.V. Pervukhina, G.V. Romanenko, S.A. Magarill and S.V. Borisov, Can. Mineral., 1999, 37, 119-126.
(3,5)-Connected Nets
Ag(tcm)(L), L = pyz, dabco, bipy

Structures have same topology as AgtcmL above.

2• S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, New J. Chem., 1998, 22, 173-175; B.F. Abrahams, S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 2654-2664.
Ag(NC-(CH2)4-CN)CF3SO3 Bridged hexagonal sheets; 5-coord Ag. 2 L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, CrystEngComm, 2002, 4, 413-425.
Ag(tpba)N3, tpba = N,N',N''-tris(pyrid-3-yl-methyl)-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide Nets have the same topology as AgtcmL. 2 J. Fan, H.-F. Zhu, T. Okamura, W.-Y. Sun, W.-X. Tang and N. Ueyama, Chem. Eur. J., 2003, 9, 4724-4731.
KH3(C2O4)2.2H2O (42.6)(42.65.83) topology. 2 C.J. Gilmore and J.C. Speakman, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 2809-2813.
(3,6)-Connected Nets
M(tcm)2, M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg

Rutile nets.

2• S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 445; R. Robson, B.F. Abrahams, S.R. Batten, R.W. Gable, B.F. Hoskins and J. Liu, Supramolecular Architecture, ACS Symposium Series 499, ed. T. Bein, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington DC, 1992, 256; S.R. Batten, B.F. Hoskins, B. Moubaraki, K.S. Murray and R. Robson, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 2977-2986; J.L. Manson, C. Campana and J.S. Miller, Chem. Commun., 1998, 251-2 (Mn); H. Hoshino, K. Iida, T. Kawamoto and T. Mori, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 4229-4232 (Cu, Mn); J.L. Manson, E. Ressouche and J.S. Miller, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 1135-1141.
Cd(bipy)2(Ag(CN)2)2 Rutile nets. 2• T. Soma, H. Yuge and T. Iwamoto, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1665.
Mn(bipy)2(Ag(CN)2)2 Rutile nets. 2 W. Dong, Q.-L. Wang, S.-F. Si, D.-Z. Liao, Z.-H. Jiang, S.-P. Yan and P. Cheng, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2003, 6, 873-876.
Cd(1,3-bppn)2(Ag(CN)2)2, 1,3-bppn = 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane Rutile nets. 2• T. Soma and T. Iwamoto, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C, 1997, 53, 1819-1821.
FeL2[Ag(CN)2]2, L = 4,4'-bipy, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene Rutile nets. 2 V. Niel, M.C. Munoz, A.B. Gaspar, A. Galet, G. Levchenko and J.A. Real, Chem. Eur. J., 2002, 8, 2446-2453.
[Zn(H2O)]2[Re6S8(CN)6].7H2O 6-connecting clusters and 3-connecting tetrahedral Zn centres. Topology is that of γ-MnO2 (Ramsdellite) or (4.62)(43) (44.68.83). 2 L.G. Beauvais, M.P. Shores and J.R. Long, Chem. Mater., 1998, 10, 3783-3786.
Zn3O(HBTB)2(H2O).(DMF)0.5(H2O)3, BTB = benzenetribenzoate 6-Connecting node is a Zn3O(H2O) cluster. Doesn't look like rutile. 2 J. Kim, B. Chen, T.M. Reineke, H. Li, M. Eddaoudi, D.B. Moler, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 8239-8247.
Zn4O(TCA)2.3DMF.G, TCA = 4,4',4''-tricarboxtriphenylamine, G = 3H2O, EtOH Pyrite (FeS2) topology (with S-S bond ignored). Zn4O(CO2)6 as 6-connecting nodes. 2 H.K. Chae, J. Kim, O.D. Friedrichs, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 3907-3909; E.Y. Lee, S.Y. Jang and M.P. Suh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 6374-6381.
Mn(N(CN)2)2(imidazole)2 1D chains which are crosslinked by H-bonding beween the imidazole and N(CN)2- ligands, such that the 3-connecting nodes are N(CN)2-...imidazole moieties. 2 S. Konar, S. Dalai, J. Ribas, M.G.B. Drew, E. Zangrando and N.R. Chaudhuri, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2004, 357, 4208-4214.
Zn(HBTC)(bipy), H3BTC = 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine Highly interdigitated layers which become two rutile nets when H-bonding interactions taken into account. 2 C. Qin, X. Wang, L. Carlucci, M. Tong, E. Wang, C. Hu and L. Xu, Chem. Commun., 2004, 1876-1877.
Cu2(CN)2(bipy) 3D rutile nets with Cu and Cu2 dimer nodes; interpenetration not mentioned in later reference. 2 D.J. Chesnut, D. Plewak and J. Zubieta, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2001, 2567-80; O. Teichert and W.S. Sheldrick, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2000, 626, 1509.
AgL(ClO4), L = tris(4-iodophenyl)amine Rutile nets, with Ag2(ClO4)2 clusters as nodes. However, this requires a long (3.236 Å) Ag-O interaction. 2 I. Ino, L.P. Wu, M. Munakata, M. Maekawa, Y. Suenaga, T. Kuroda-Sowa and Y. Kitamori, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 2146-2151.
Cu(NH3)(py)Ag3-xCux(CN)5.py, py = pyridine Ag(tcm) - like, but connections b/w sheets give a structure analogous to Ag(tcm)(phz)1/2. If Ag dimers taken as nodes, then topology becomes that of rutile. 2• M. Schwarten, J. Chomic, J. Cernak and D. Babel, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1996, 622, 1449.
Cu(dca)2(cypy)2, dca = dicyanamide, cypy = 3- or 4-cyanopyridine 1D chains crosslinked by weak C-H...N interactions. If Cu(cypy)2 moieties treated as nodes, then α-Po. If Cu and cypy considered separate nodes, then 3,6-connected nets. In the 3-cypy structure nets are crosslinked by weaker C-H...N interactions. 2 M. Du, X.-J. Zhao, S.R. Batten and J. Ribas, Cryst. Growth Des., 2005, 5, 901-909.
Cu2(M6X14), M = Mo, W, X = Cl, Br Cu 3-connecting, M6X14 cluster 6-connecting. Net has (43)2(46.129) (PrI2 or spn) topology. 2 A. Peppenhorst and H.-L. Keller, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1996, 622, 663-669; Y.-Q. Zheng, J. Nuss and H.G. von Schnering, Z. Kristallogr. New Cryst. Struct., 1998, 213, 680; S. Ihmaine, C. Perrin, M. Sergent, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 1997, 34, 169-178; Y.-Q. Zheng, Y. Grin, K. Peters and H.G.V. Schnering, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1998, 624, 959-964.
(4,5)-Connected Nets
W6S8(4-pyridineacetamide)6.DMF.4-pyridineacetamide 5-connected node is a cluster; 4-connected node is a H-bonded synthon. 2 C.M. Oertel, R.D. Sweeder, S. Patel, C.M. Downie and F.J. DiSalvo, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 2287-2296.
(4,6)-Connected Nets
Cd2(SO4)2(Py2C3H6)3(H2O)2.7•4.5H2O, Py2C3H6 = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane Two complicated (4,6) nets. 2 M.J. Plater, M.R.St.J. Foreman, T. Gelbrich, S.J. Coles and M.B. Hursthouse, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 3065-3073.
4,4'-bipyridine / 2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (3/2) H-bonded nets have (44.62)(44.69.82) topology. 3 J.A. Cowan, J.A.K. Howard and M.A. Leech, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 2001, 57, 1196-8.
Mn2(dca)3(NO3)(Mepyz)2, dca = dicyanamide, N(CN)2-, Mepyz = 2-methylpyrazine   2 A.M. Kutasi, A.R. Harris, S.R. Batten, B. Moubaraki and K.S. Murray, Cryst. Growth Des., 2004, 4, 605-610.
Ce2(C2O4)(H3C2O3)4   2 J.C. Trombe, J. Jaud and J. Galy, J. Solid State Chem., 2005, 178, 1094-1103.
(4,12)-Connected Nets
Pd16S7 (Vasilite) and Pd13Cu3S7 Cu3Au (ftw) or (436.630)(44.62)3 topology. Pd-Pd interactions neglected. 2 P. Matkovic, M. El Boragy and K. Schubert, J. Less-Comm. Met., 1976, 50, 165-176; C. Romming and E. Roest, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 1976, 30, 425-428.
(3,5,6)-Connected Nets
Cs3[Mo3O4(C2O4)3(H2O)3] CF3SO3.3H2O Triflate 3-connecting, Mo cluster 4-connecting, Cs 6-connecting. Topology is (43)(34.74.82)3(33.43.76.83). 2 E. Benory, A. Bino, D. Gibson, F.A. Cotton and Z. Dori, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1985, 99, 137-142.
Nets of different topology or chemical composition [ top ]
Hg2Nb2O7 (pyrochlore) Diamond nets of different composition. ICSD has ca. 600 entries for related species. 2• A.W. Sleight, Inorg. Chem., 1968, 7, 1704; Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., A.F. Wells, Oxford University Press, 1983, 258.
Bi3GaSb2O11, Bi3AlSb2O11, La3Ru3O11, La3Ir3O11, Bi3Ru3O11, NaBi2Sb3O11, Nets of different composition - two diamondoid, one NbO-like. Using example of La3Ru3O11, nodes of diamond nets are La4O4 cubane-like moieties, while nodes of NbO net are Ru2O6 moieties. 3• A.W. Sleight and R.J. Bouchard, Inorg. Chem., 1973, 12, 2314-2316; Ismunandar, B.J. Kennedy and B.A. Hunter, J. Solid State Chem., 1996, 127, 178-185; Ismunandar, B.J. Kennedy and B.A. Hunter, Solid State Commun., 1998, 108, 649-654; F. Abraham, J. Trehoux and D. Thomas, Mater. Res. Bull., 1978, 13, 805-810; F. Abraham, J. Trehoux and D. Thomas, J. Less-Comm. Met., 1979, 63, 57-63; F. Abraham, D. Thomas and G. Novogorocki, Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Crystallogr., 1975, 98, 25-29; G.R. Facer, M.M. Elcombe and B.J. Kennedy, Aust. J. Chem., 1993, 46, 1897-1907; J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, B. Frit, A. Aftati and M. El Farissi, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 1995, 32, 495-504.
[Ln2(Pb4O4)](Al6O12), Ln = Ho, Lu, Eu, Gd, Nd, Sm Two diamond nets and one sodalite. Pb4O4 cubane-like clusters and Ln atoms are nodes of diamond nets; Al atoms are nodes of sod net. 3 M. Scheikowski and H. Mueller-Buschbaum, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1993, 619, 1755-1758; H.K. Mueller-Buschbaum and J.-P. Werner, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1996, 51, 883-887; H.K. Mueller-Buschbaum and J.-P. Werner, Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1997, 52, 449-452.
[H31O14][CdCu2(CN)7] Pyrite-like M-CN net with another (rutile-like) 3D net of H-bonded waters interpenetrating it. 2• S. Nishikiori and T. Iwamoto, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 1555.
K2[PdSe10] Each diamond net has different composition. 2• K.W. Kim and M.G. Kanatzidis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 4878.
[Ag(hex)](PF6).H2O Two interpenetrating (10, 3)-a nets, one composed of the Ag(hex) net, the other formed by hydrogen-bonding between the PF6 ions and the H2O molecules; racemic pair. 2• L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and A. Sironi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 12861.
{[Cd(4-ampy)2{μ-Ag(CN)2}2] .[Cd(mea)(4-ampy){Ag(CN)2}{μ-Ag(CN)2}]2}n, 4-ampy = 4-aminopyridine, mea = 2-aminoethanol Two sets of intpting sheets different - one coordn (3-fold intpted), other H-bonding b/w coordn chains (2-fold intpted). 3 & 2• T. Soma and T. Iwamoto, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1996, 52, 1200.
Rb2Au6Sb4S10 Layers of 2D parallel sheets of different topology and composition: [Au3Sb4S8]- and [Au3S2]-. Latter has (6,3) topology, former doesn't. 2 J.A. Hanko and M.G. Kanatzidis, Chem. Commun., 1998, 725-726.
Li2M3B, M = Pd, Pt M3B forms 6-connected (33.59.63) or lcy net (B nodes), while Li atoms form a (10,3)-a net. In the case of Pt, there are Li-Pt distances between the nets very slightly shorter than the Li-Li distances that define the 'net'. 2 U. Eiberstein and W. Jung, J. Solid State Chem., 1997, 133, 21-24.
1D/2D→2D [ top ]
[Co(bipy)2.5(NO3)2].2C14H10 1D railroad coordination polymers interpenetrating with (4,4) phenanthrene nets (held together by edge-to-face interactions). However, there are also edge-to-face and face-to-face interactions between the phenanthrenes and the bipys which connect the two types of nets. 2/2 K.V. Domasevitch, G.D. Enright, B. Moulton and M.J. Zaworotko, J. Solid State Chem., 2000, 152, 280-285.
1D/2D→3D [ top ]
[Cu5(bpp)8(SO4)4(EtOH)(H2O)5] (SO4).EtOH.25.5H2O, bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane

(4,4) sheets and inclined 1D chains. Each sheet window has 1 chain through it, and each chain window has 2 sheets through it.

3/2 L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, M. Moret, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 1506-1510.
[Fe(btb)2(NCS)2], btb = 1,2-bis-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-butane (4,4) sheets with 1D chains interpenetrating at an inclined angle such that the rods of the sheet penetrate the loops of the chains. 2/3 J.A. Kolnaar, Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University, Leiden, 1998, mentioned in J.G. Haasnoot, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 200-202, 131-185.
Cd3(bbtz)6(H2O)6(BF4)6.1.75H2O, bbtz = 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene (4,4) sheets with 1D chains interpenetrating at an inclined angle. Each sheet window has 4 chain rods through it, and each chain window has 1 sheet rod through it. 2/5 B. Li, Y. Peng, B. Li and Y. Zhang, Chem. Commun., 2005, 2333-2335.
1D/3D [ top ]
[Co(bix)2(H2O)2](SO4).7H2O, bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene 1D chains interpenetrating with a 3D CdSO4 net.   L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Chem. Commun., 2004, 380-381.
2D/3D [ top ]
M(L)F2.14H2O, M = Cd, Zn, L = hexakis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene α-Po coordination net with two different (6,3) H-bonded sheets interpenetrating it (but not each other). 2• B.F. Hoskins, R. Robson, and D.A. Slizys, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 1997, 36, 2752-2755.
Sulfathiazole, Phase I H-bonded nets; Faraday paper describes it as interpenetration of a 3D net with 2D nets. However, if add connection between O2 of molecule B and H1 of molecule A (N...O = 3.275 Å), then becomes a self-penetrating net. 2 G.J. Kruger and G. Gafner, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1972, 28, 272-283; N. Blagden, R.J. Davey, H.F. Lieberman, L. Williams, R. Payne, R. Roberts, R. Rowe and R. Docherty, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 1035-1044.
[Cu2L4.3H2O][Cu2L4.2H2O].3H2O, L = isonicotinate 3D CdSO4-like nets interpenetrating 2D (4,4) nets.   J.Y. Lu and A.M. Babb, Chem. Commun., 2001, 821-822.
[Co(mppe)2(NCS)2].2[Co(mppe)2(NCS)2] .5MeOH, mppe = 1-methyl-1'-(4-pyridyl)-2-4-pyrimidyl)ethylene

Two separate CdSO4 3D nets interpenetrating with 2D (4,4) sheets. Each window of each sheet penetrated by the two CdSO4 nets.

  D.M. Shin, I.S. Lee, Y.K. Chung and M.S. Lah, Chem. Commun., 2003, 1036-1037.
Co(mpe)2(NCS)2, mpe = 1-methyl-1',2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene One form has two separate CdSO4 3D nets interpenetrating with 2D (4,4) sheets. Same as the above structure.   D.M. Shin, I.S. Lee, D. Cho and Y.K. Chung, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 7722-7724.
1,3,5-tris(4-methylbenzoyl)benzene Nodes are dimeric Piedfort units, which link via C-H...O hydrogen bonds. These form α-Po nets and 2D (6,3) sheets.   V.S.S. Kumar, F.C. Pigge and N.P. Rath, New J. Chem., 2004, 28, 1192-1194.
Misc Other Nets [ top ]
[Pd2Cl2([18]ane-N2S4)]1.5I5(I3)2 Two 3D nets composed of weakly interacting polyiodide species with intercalated palladium macrocycles. 2 A.J. Blake, R.O. Gould, W.-S. Li, V. Lippolis, S. Parsons, C. Radek and M. Schroder, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 1998, 37, 293-296; Angew. Chem., 1998, 110, 305-308; see also A.J. Blake, F.A. Devillanova, R.O. Gould, W.-S. Li, V. Lippolis, S. Parsons, C. Radek and M. Schroder, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1998, 27, 195-205.
1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane - 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane - methanol (2/1/1) Complicated 3D H-bonded net. 2 G. Ferguson, C. Glidewell, R.M. Gregson and P.R. Meehan, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1998, 54, 139-50.
M2(bipy)3(NO3)4, M = Co, Ni Two 64(6,10)1 3D nets, where H-bonding b/w NO3 and bipy C-H's provides one of the connections; else its just interdigitated, non-interpenetrating 2D sheets. 2 C.J. Kepert and M.J. Rosseinsky, Chem. Commun., 1999, 375-6; E.J. Cussen, J.B. Claridge, M.J. Rosseinsky and C.J. Kepert, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 9574-9581; G.J. Halder and C.J. Kepert, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 7891-7900. (cf. M. Kondo, T. Yoshitomi, K. Seki, H. Matsuzaka and S. Kitagawa, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 1725; K.N. Power, T.L. Hennigar and M.J. Zaworotko, New J. Chem., 1998, 22, 177; H. Gudbjartson, K. Biradha, K.M. Poirier and M.J. Zaworotko, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 2599-2600; J.T. Sampanthar and J.J. Vittal, Cryst. Eng., 1999, 2, 251-264)
[NiL4(H2O)2]Br2.2L, L = 4-pyCHNOH (4,4) H-bonded nets cross-linked by H2O...Br interactions into 3D nets. Guest molecules of L also H-bonded to Br anions - link 2 nets? 2 C.B. Aakeroy, A.M. Beatty and D.S. Leinen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1999, 38, 1815-1819; Angew. Chem., 1999, 111, 1932-1936.
t-BuPI4 A 3D 3-connected net - I think it's a (10,3) net but I'm not sure which. Held together by I...I contacts b/w 3-conn. t-BuPI3+ and 3-conn. I-. 2 W.-W. du Mont and F. Ruthe, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1999, 189, 101-133.
meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-Hexamethyl-1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecane-4,4’-biphenol (1/3) Three 3D H-bonded nets; unsure of topology. 3 R.M. Gregson, C. Glidewell, G. Ferguson and A.J. Lough, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 2000, 56, 39-57.
1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene - 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane - methanol (1/1/1) Three complicated 3D H-bonded nets; unsure of topology. 3 C.M. Zakaria, G. Ferguson, A.J. Lough and C. Glidewell, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 2002, 58, o1-o5.
2,2'-bipyridine / fumaric acid (1/1) 3D H-bonded nets; unsure of topology. 2 K.F. Bowes, G. Ferguson, A.J. Lough and C. Glidewell, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 2003, 59, 100-117.
bta.H2O, bta = benzene-1,3,5-triacetic acid 3D H-bonded nets; unsure of topology. 2 H.-F. Zhu, J. Fan, T. Okamura, W.-Y. Sun and N. Ueyama, Chem. Lett., 2002, 898-899.
Zn(SC(NH2)(NHMe))2(terephthlate) 3D H-bonded nets; unsure of topology. 2 N.J. Burke, A.D. Burrows, A.S. Donovan, R.W. Harrington, M.F. Mahon and C.E. Price, Dalton Trans., 2003, 3840-3849.
N1, N4-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)terephthalamide.H2O Complicated 3D H-bonded nets. 2 H.-T. Zhang and X.-Z. You, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E, 2005, 61, o2055-o2057.
Misc Related [ top ]
BeF2 / MO2, M = Si, Ge Proposed interpenetration as a way of generating superhard materials. Two interpenetrating diamondoid nets, one BeF2, the other either SiO2 or GeO2. - D.M. Proserpio, R. Hoffmann and P. Preuss, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 9634-9637.
Hypothetical C3N4 nets Talks about possible hypothetical C/N nets, including interpenetrating (10,3)-b and diamondoid nets. - P. Kroll and R. Hoffmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 4696-4703.
Various mesophases, lipids and fluidic media One cubic phase is 2 x α-Po, another is 2 x (10,3)-a (both proposed). Also diamondoid. Cf. (10,3)-a, diamond and α-Po sections above. - S. Kutsumizu, T. Ichikawa, S. Nojima and S. Yano, Chem. Commun., 1999, 1181-2, and references therein; J. Charvolin and J.F. Sadoc, J. Physique, 1987, 48, 1559-1569, and references therein; V. Luzzati and P.A. Spegt, Nature, 1967, 215, 701-704.
[ScL3](CF3SO3)3 (MeOH)2.7(H2O)3, L = 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide 48668 topology.   D.-L. Long, R.J. Hill, A.J. Blake, N.R. Champness, P. Hubberstey, C. Wilson and M. Schroder, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 1384-1391.
Mn(4-PMK)(N3)2, 4-PMK = 4-pyridylmethylketazine 6-connected net in which (4,4) sheets are linked by crisscrossing links.   E.-Q. Gao, Z.-M. Wang and C.-H. Yan, Chem. Commun., 2003, 1748-1749.
[Co(Hbiim)2(H2biim)]2(p-O2CC6H4CO2H)2.H2O, H2biim = 2,2-biimidazole 5 interpenetrating 3-connected H-bonded nets with (4.122)(4.122)(123) topology crosslinked into self-penetrating net via a water bridge.   K. Larsson and L. Ohstrom, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 354-359.

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