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Known examples of interpenetration
Current to 31/10/05 - Now with Selected Pictures!!
Dr. Stuart Batten
School of Chemistry
Monash University 3800
Australia
Ph: +61 3 9905 4606
Fax: +61 3 9905 4597
E-mail: stuart.batten@sci.monash.edu.au
In Review: "Interpenetrating Nets: Ordered, Periodic Entanglement", Stuart R. Batten and Richard Robson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, 37, 1460-1494; Angew. Chem., 1998, 110, 1558-1595. (Or "Catenane and Rotaxane Motifs in Interpenetrating and Self-Penetrating Coordination Polymers", Stuart R. Batten and Richard Robson, in Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, A Journey Through the World of Molecular Topology, eds. J.-P. Sauvage and C. Dietrich-Buchecker, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, 77-105.)
If you find this table useful, please cite “Topology of Interpenetration”, CrystEngComm, 2001, 3, 67-73.
http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=10.1039/B102400k
** A number of entries have been added or corrected thanks to the extensive CSD and ICSD database searches contained in the following papers: V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 377-395; I.A. Baburin, V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, J. Solid State Chem., 2005, 178, 2471-2493.
*** Every effort has been made to ensure this table is both comprehensive and correct, but if you know of any possible omissions or errors (and it is highly likely there will be examples of each), I would greatly appreciate the feedback. Compliments are also accepted! ***
- 1D→1D parallel
- 1D→2D parallel
- 1D→2D inclined
- 1D→3D inclined
- 2D→2D parallel (6,3)
- 2D→2D parallel (4,4)
- 2D→2D parallel (other)
- 2D→3D parallel
- 2D inclined (6,3)
- 2D inclined (4,4)
- 2D inclined with more than 2 stacks
- 2D inclined (other)
- 2D inclined and parallel
- 3D (8,3)
- 3D (8,10)
- 3D (10,3)-a
- 3D (10,3)-b
- 3D (10,3) other
- 3D (12,3)
- 3D 3-connected other
- 3D diamond
- 3D 4-connected other
- 3D 5-connected
- 3D 6-connected α-Po
- 3D 6-connected other
- 3D 8-connected
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| Compound |
Notes |
# |
Reference |
| Self-penetrating [ top ] |
| [Ag2(H2L)3]X2, H2L = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,4- diaminobutane, X = NO3, ClO4 |
If Ag...Ag interactions ignored, (6,3) sheets with two other nets intptg each; non-coincident planes give 3D struct. Interpenetration of the 'Borromean' type (L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2003, 5, 269; Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247). Else, a single, self-penetrating net. |
3 |
M.L. Tong, X.-M. Chen, B.-H. Ye and L.-N. Ji, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1999, 38, 2237-2240; Angew. Chem., 1999, 111, 2376-2379. |
| Ni(tpt)(NO3)2 |
Self-penetrating (12,3) net. |
|
B.F. Abrahams, S.R. Batten, M.J. Grannas, H. Hamit, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1999, 38, 1475-1477; Angew. Chem., 1999, 111, 1538-1540. |
| Co(2,2'-bipy-4,4'(CO2)2)(H2O)2 |
Self-penetrating (12,3) net if both metal and ligands are taken as nodes. If CoL2 taken as node, then quartz topology; two interpenetrating nets missed by authors (see L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247). |
2 |
T. Schareina, C. Schick, B.F. Abrahams and R. Kempe, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2001, 627, 1711-3. |
| Mn(dca)2.H2O, M(dca)(tcm), M = Co, Ni, Cu, dca = dicyanamide, N(CN)2-, tcm = tricyanomethanide, C(CN)3- |
Rutile-related self-penetrating nets.
|
|
P. Jensen, D.J. Price, S.R. Batten, B. Moubaraki and K.S. Murray, Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 3186-3195. |
| Ice IV |
Not strictly self-penetrating as shortest circuits not penetrated. |
|
H. Engelhardt and B. Kamb, J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 75, 5887. |
| (Me3S)3I26 |
I-net appears self-penetrating in diagram. |
|
P.H. Svensson, G. Raud and L. Kloo, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2000, 1275-1282. |
| [Zn3(OH)3L3][NO3]3.8.67H2O, L = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane |
Self-penetrating sheet structure.
|
|
M.J. Plater, M.R.St.J. Foreman, T. Gelbrich and M.B. Hursthouse, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 1995-2000. |
| Cd2(4,4’-pytz)3(μ-NO3)(NO3)3 (MeOH), 4,4’-pytz = 3,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine |
Ladders interpenetrate in an inclined fashion such that each ladder window has two others passing through it; ladders cross-linked by μ-NO3- anions to give a single, self-penetrating net. |
|
M.A. Withersby, A.J. Blake, N.R. Champness, P.A. Cooke, P. Hubberstey and M. Schroder, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 4044-4046. |
| Cd(CN)2(4,4’-bipy)0.5 |
|
• |
M.J. Hardie, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Melbourne, 1995; J. Kim and K. Kim, Cryst. Eng., 2000, 3, 1-10. |
| Cd(CN)2(pyrazine) |
|
• |
B.F. Abrahams, M.J. Hardie, B.F. Hoskins, R. Robson and E.E. Sutherland, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1049-1050. |
| Cd(CN)2L, L = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiyne |
|
• |
B.F. Abrahams, M.J. Hardie, B.F. Hoskins, R. Robson and E.E. Sutherland, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1049-1050. |
| Cu5Cu(CN)6(DMF)4 |
Cu2 dimers as nodes; same topology as Cd(CN)2(pyrazine) (above). |
|
S.-M. Peng and D.-S. Liaw, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1986, 113, L11-L12; X.-J. Zhao, S.R. Batten and M. Du, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E, 2004, 60, m1237-m1239. |
| M(dca)2(bpeado), M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, dca = dicyanamide, N(CN)2-, bpeado = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane-N, N'-dioxide |
44.610.8 topology. |
|
H.-L. Sun, S. Gao, B.-Q. Ma and S.R. Batten, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 579-583. |
| Cu(HCO2)2(pyrazine) |
|
|
J.L. Manson, J.G. Lecher, J. Gu, U. Geiser, J.A. Schlueter, R. Henning, X. Wang, A.J. Schultz, H.-J. Koo and M.-H. Whangbo, Dalton Trans., 2003, 2905-2911. |
| [Ag(2-ethpyz)2][SbF6], 2-ethpyz = 2-ethylpyrazine |
Complex 4-connected self-penetrating network of (42.63.8)(42.6.82.9) topology (same as coesite - see below). |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 3821-3827. |
| Coesite (SiO2) |
Complex 4-connected self-penetrating network of (42.63.8)(42.6.82.9) topology (same as above structure). |
|
M. O'Keeffe and B.G. Hyde, Crystal Structures I. Patterns and Symmetry, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC, 1996; M. O'Keeffe, M. Eddaoudi, H. Li, T. Reineke and O.M. Yaghi, J. Solid State Chem., 2000, 152, 3. (referenced in L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 3821-3827.). |
| [Cu(bpe)2(SO4)].5H2O, bpe = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane |
Complex 3D self-penetrating network with (64.82)(6.85) topology. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2000, 3821-3827. |
| 1,2,4,5-(Et3SnN4C)4C6H2.2H2O |
Self-penetrating, not intptng. |
|
S. Bhandari, M.F. Mahon and K.C. Molloy, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1951-1956. |
| [Cu(bpe)2][Cu(bpe)(H2O)2(SO4)2] .2H2O |
Cu(bpe)2 sheets, with Cu/bpe/SO4 chains between sheets; weak axial coord. of SO4 in chains by Cu in sheets cross-links nets, presumably generating a self-penetrating network. |
|
D. Hagrman, R.P. Hammond, R. Haushalter and J. Zubieta, Chem. Mater., 1998, 10, 2091-2100. |
| 4,4’-diiodo-4’’,4’’’-dinitrotetraphenylmethane |
A self-penetrating network, held together by I…O interactions, that can be deconstructed into 5-fold intptg diamondoid nets and 3-fold parallel intptg (4,4) sheets. |
|
R. Thaimattam, C.V.K. Sharma, A. Clearfield and G.R. Desiraju, Cryst. Growth Design, 2001, 1, 103-106. |
| Sulfathiazole, Phase I |
H-bonded nets; Faraday paper describes it as interpenetration of a 3D net with 2D nets. However, if add connection between O2 of molecule B and H1 of molecule A (N...O = 3.275 Å), then becomes a self-penetrating net. |
2 |
G.J. Kruger and G. Gafner, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1972, 28, 272-283; N. Blagden, R.J. Davey, H.F. Lieberman, L. Williams, R. Payne, R. Roberts, R. Rowe and R. Docherty, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 1035-1044. |
| Cu(dca)2(bipy).H2O |
A long Cu-N(amide) bond (ca. 2.8-2.9 Å) links inclined interpenetrating sheets, giving a self-penetrating net. |
2 |
P. Jensen, S.R. Batten, B. Moubaraki, and K.S. Murray, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2002, 3712-3722. |
| CuBr(3,3'-dipyridylethyne) |
Self-penetrating?? |
|
E. Bosch and C.L. Barnes, New J. Chem., 2001, 25, 1376-8. |
| Mn(SO4)(bipy)(H2O)2 |
Self-penetrating?? |
|
H. Hou, Y. Wei, Y. Fan, C. Du, Y. Zhu, Y. Song, Y. Niu and X. Xin, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2001, 319, 212-8. |
| 3(4,4'-Me4bpz).H2O.solv, 4,4'-Me4bpz = tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyrazolyl |
H-bonded net; looks to me to be self-penetrating. |
|
I. Boldog, E.B. Rusanov, A.N. Chernega, J. Sieler and K.V. Domasevitch, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 3435-3438; Angew. Chem., 2001, 113, 3543-3546; K.V. Domasevitch, personal communication. |
| [Co3(bpypr)4(H2O)4V6O18].2H2O, bpypr = 1,3-di-4-pyridylpropane |
Chains and (4,4) sheets entangled in a parallel fashion; cross-linked into a self-penetrating net (?). |
|
R.L. La Duca Jr., R. Ratkoski, R.S. Rarig Jr. and J. Zubieta, Inorg. Chem. Comm., 2001, 4, 621-625. |
| [(ZnL).bipy].nS, ZnL = [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrinato]zinc, S = nitrobenzene |
Both H-bonding and coordinative bonding. Complex layers interpenetrate in a 2D→3D parallel fashion (3-fold) (see L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247 for analysis), but further H-bonds connect nets together into a single self-penetrating(?) 3D net. |
|
Y. Diskin-Posner, G.K. Patra and I. Goldberg, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1420-1421; Y. Diskin-Posner, G.K. Patra and I. Goldberg, CrystEngComm, 2002, 4, 296-301. |
| Bis-(4-aminobenzoato)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II) |
H-bonded nets containing a 2-fold parallel interpenetration of (4,4) sheets which are then linked into a single net. |
|
C.M. Zakaria, G. Ferguson, A.J. Lough and C. Glidewell, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 2002, 58, 78-93. |
| [Ag8(Zntpyp)7(H2O)2](NO3)8.xsolv, H2tpyp = 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin |
Two sets of 2D sheets showing inclined interpenetration cross-linked by further Zntpyp molecules. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and F. Porta, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 317-322. |
| (Me3Sn)3Co(CN)6.3H2O.3/2bipy, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine |
Net defined by both coordination and hydrogen bonds. |
|
R. Eckhardt, H. Hanika-Heidl and R.D. Fischer, Chem. Eur. J., 2003, 9, 1795-1804. |
| (Me3Sn)4Ru(CN)6.2H2O.3/2cpy, cpy = 4-cyanopyridine |
Net defined by both coordination and hydrogen bonds. If disordered cpy ignored, then contains 2 interpenetrating 3D 3,5-connected nets. |
|
R. Eckhardt, H. Hanika-Heidl and R.D. Fischer, Chem. Eur. J., 2003, 9, 1795-1804. |
| Co(bpdc)(bipy).0.5DMF, bpdc = biphenyldicarboxylate, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine |
Fascinating new 6-connected net, with Co2 dimers as nodes. Layers of doubly interpenetrating parallel (4,4) sheets are crosslinked by bipy bridges such that a self-penetrating net is formed, rather than two interpenetrating α-Po nets.
|
|
L. Pan, H. Liu, S.P. Kelly, X. Huang, D.H. Olson and J. Li, Chem. Commun., 2003, 854-855. |
| Zn(Him)2(tpa).H2O, Him = imidazole, tpa = terephthalate |
Two interpenetrating 3D nets defined by both coordination and H bonding, linked by further H-bonding. |
|
J.-H. Yang, S.-L. Zheng, . Tao, G.-F. Liu and X.-M. Chen, Aust. J. Chem., 2002, 55, 741-744. |
| Cu3(N(CN)2)6(pyrimidine)2.0.75H2O |
|
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J.L. Manson, J. Gu, J.A. Schlueter and H.-H. Wang, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 3950-3955. |
| Fe(pmd)(M(CN)2)2, pmd = pyrimidine, M = Ag, Au |
Dehydration of hydrated nets converts crosslinking of three interpenetrating CdSO4 nets from a H-bonding interaction (pmd...H2O) to a coordination bond. |
|
V. Niel, A.L. Thompson, M.C. Munoz, A. Galet, A.E. Goeta and J.A. Real, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 3760-3763. |
| Mn(4-PMK)(N3)2, 4-PMK = 4-pyridylmethylketazine |
|
|
E.-Q. Gao, Z.-M. Wang and C.-H. Yan, Chem. Commun., 2003, 1748-1749. |
| Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane - 4,4'-bipyridine (1:1) |
May be a self-penetrating net - not sure; definitely a single 3D net. |
|
S. Aitipamula, A. Nangia, R. Thaimattam and M. Jaskolski, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 2003, 59, o481-o484. |
| [Ag(sebn)2]X, sebn = sebaconitrile (1,10-decanedinitrile), X = SbF6, CF3SO3 |
Layer structure in which sheets have some thickness; each layer interpenetrated by two others; sheets are parallel but not coincident - an overall 3D structure. Sheets themselves are self-penetrating (L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2003, 5, 269; Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247). |
3 |
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, P. Macchi, D.M. Proserpio, and S. Rizzato, Chem. Eur. J., 1999, 5, 237-243. |
| [M(bipy)2(H2O)2]SiF6, M = Zn, Cu, Cd;
[Cd(bipy)2(H2O)(OH)]PF6. |
If H2O...SiF6...H2O hydrogen bonds taken into account, Zn (and presumably the others) can be described as a single self-penetrating 3D net (L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247).
|
2• |
R.W. Gable, B.F. Hoskins and R. Robson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 1677; R. Robson, B.F. Abrahams, S.R. Batten, R.W. Gable, B.F. Hoskins and J. Liu, Supramolecular Architecture, ACS Symposium Series 499, ed. T. Bein, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington DC, 1992, 256. |
| α-M(pyara)2(H2O)2, M = Ni, Co, pyaraH = 3-(3-pyridyl)-acrylic acid |
(8,4) or 86 net. |
|
M.-L. Tong, X.-M. Chen, and S.R. Batten, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 16170-16171; M. Kurmoo, C. Estournes, Y. Oka, H. Kumagai and K. Inoue, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 217-224. |
| [Cu(L1)(L2)(H2O)].5H2O, L1 = 1,1'-(1,4-butanediyl)bis(imidazole), L2 = m-phthalate |
(8,4) or 86 net. |
|
J.-F. Ma, J. Yang, G.-L. Zheng, L. Li and J.-F. Liu, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42, 7531-7534. |
| Cd3(sipa)2(bipy)4(H2O)2.3H2O, H3sipa = 5-sulfoisophthalic acid |
|
|
X. Li, R. Cao, D. Sun, W. Bi and D. Yuan, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2004, 2228-2231; X. Li, R. Cao, W. Bi, D. Yuan and D. Sun, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 3156-3166. |
| Cu(bix)2(SO4).7H2O, bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene |
Inclined interpenetration of 2D sheets, but sheets cross-linked by SO4 bridges into a single, self-penetrating 6-connected net. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and L. Spadacini, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 96-101. |
| Zn(OAc)2(bpe)].2H2O, bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane |
Coordination and hydrogen bonding define net. |
|
M.T. Ng, T.C. Deivaraj, W.T. Klooster, G.J. McIntyre and J.J. Vittal, Chem. Eur. J., 2004, 10, 5853-5859. |
| Cd2(bix)3(SO4)2, bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene |
Similar to Ag2(bix)3(NO3)2 structure (1D→2D inclined interpenetration), except nets crosslinked by SO4 bridges to give a single, self-penetrating net. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Cryst. Growth Des., 2005, 5, 37-39. |
| [Ni(timpt)2](ClO4)2, timpt = 2,4,6-tris[4-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine |
A 3,6-connected net with (46.6)(63)(42.64.89) topology. |
|
S.-Y. Wan, Y.-T. Huang, Y.-Z. Li and W.-Y. Sun, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 2004, 73, 101-108. |
| {Fe(pmd)[Ag(CN)2][Ag2(CN)3]}, pmd = pyrimidine |
(6,6) topology. |
|
V. Niel, A.L. Thompson, A.E. Goeta, C. Enachescu, A. Hauser, A. Galet, M.C. Munoz and J.A. Real, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 2047-2060. |
| [ScL4(H2O)2](ClO4)3, L = 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide |
Five interpenetrating diamond nets crosslinked by water bridges to give a single net with 4867 topology. |
|
D.-L. Long, R.J. Hill, A.J. Blake, N.R. Champness, P. Hubberstey, C. Wilson and M. Schroder, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 1384-1391. |
| [ScL3](CF3SO3)3 (MeOH)2.7(H2O)3, L = 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide |
48668 topology. |
|
D.-L. Long, R.J. Hill, A.J. Blake, N.R. Champness, P. Hubberstey, C. Wilson and M. Schroder, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 1384-1391. |
| Mn(4-PMK)(N3)2, 4-PMK = 4-pyridylmethylketazine |
6-connected net in which (4,4) sheets are linked by crisscrossing links. |
|
E.-Q. Gao, Z.-M. Wang and C.-H. Yan, Chem. Commun., 2003, 1748-1749. |
| [Co(Hbiim)2(H2biim)]2(p-O2CC6H4CO2H)2.H2O, H2biim = 2,2-biimidazole |
5 interpenetrating 3-connected H-bonded nets with (4.122)(4.122)(123) topology crosslinked into self-penetrating net via a water bridge. |
|
K. Larsson and L. Ohstrom, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 354-359. |
| H2N(CO)NH-(CH2)n-NH(CO)NH2, n = 4, 5 |
H-bonded nets. Layers of 2D→2D parallel interpenetrating (6,3) sheets crosslinked into a single 3D net. |
|
K. Eda, T. Okazaki, K. Yamamura and M. Hashimoto, J. Mol. Struct., 2005, 752, 93-97. |
| Ni(oba)(bpy).2H2O, oba = 4,4'-oxybis(benzoate), bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine |
Can be described as either a 3,5-connected net with (4.82)(4.64.84.10) topology, or a 6-connected net with (44.611) topology. |
3 |
X.-L. Wang, C. Qin, E.-B. Wang, Y.-G. Li, Z.-M. Su, L. Xu and L. Carlucci, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 5824-5827. |
| AgC(CN)2NO2 |
Two interpenetrating 3,4-connected, self-penetrating nets with (6.8.10)(6.8.10) (6.8.10)(82.10) (83.103) topology. |
2 |
Y.M. Chow and D. Britton, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1974, 30, 147-151. |
| Zn5(OH)2(bdc)4(phen)2, H2bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline |
Zn5 clusters as nodes. 8-connected 3D net with 424.5.63 topology. |
|
X.-L. Wang, C. Qin, E.-B. Wang, Z.-M. Su, L. Xu and S.R. Batten, Chem. Commun., 2005, 4789-4791. |
| Cd(succinate)L(H2O), L = N,N'-bispyridin-4-ylmethylsuccinamide |
Self-penetrating 2D sheets. |
|
G.O. Lloyd, J.L. Atwood and L.J. Barbour, Chem. Commun., 2005, 1845-1847. |
| Entangled but not interpenetrating [ top ] |
| NaAuS |
1D polymers entangled like true chickenwire. |
|
E.A. Axtell III, J.-H. Liao, and M.G. Kanatzidis, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 37, 5583-5587. |
| Na7Au5S6 |
Entangled chains. |
|
K.O. Klepp and G. Brunnbauer, J. Alloys Compd., 1992, 183, 252-262. |
| [Ag(sebn)]AsF6, sebn = sebaconitrile (1,10-decanedinitrile) |
1D chains which criss-cross in three directions. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, P. Macchi, D.M. Proserpio, and S. Rizzato, Chem. Eur. J., 1999, 5, 237-243. |
| [I-Au-P(C6H5)2-(CH2)6-P(C6H5)2-Au-I]n |
Layers woven like woof and weft threads in cloth. Au...Au interactions. |
• |
P.M. Van Calcar, M.M. Olmstead, and A.L. Balch, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1773-1774; P.M. Van Calcar, M.M. Olmstead, and A.L. Balch, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 36, 5231-5238. |
| [Cl-Au-P(C6H5)2-(CH2)7-P(C6H5)2-Au-Cl]n.CH3OH
[I-Au-P(C6H5)2-(CH2)8-P(C6H5)2-Au-I]n.CH2Cl2 [Cl-Au-P(C6H5)2-(CH2)8-P(C6H5)2-Au-Cl]n.CH2Cl2 |
Criss-cross patterns of layers of chains. |
|
P.M. Van Calcar, M.M. Olmstead, and A.L. Balch, Inorg. Chem., 1998, 36, 5231-5238. |
| [Cu(2,2’-bipy)(azpy)(H2O)](NO3)2 •H2O, azpy = trans-4,4’-azobis(pyridine) |
Woven woof and weft threads. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, A. Gramaccioli, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, CrystEngComm, 2000, 29. |
| [AgL(μ-PO2F2)1/2](PF6)1/2, L = 1-(isocyanidomethyl)-1H-benzotriazole |
Woven woof and weft threads which are then cross-linked to give (82.10) net. |
|
I. Ino, J.C. Zhong, M. Munakata, T. Kuroda-Sowa, M. Maekawa, Y. Suenaga and Y. Kitamori, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 4273-4279. |
| 1,1,1-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane / hmt (1:2) |
H-bonded three-fold helix; some weak interactions b/w helices (but not within). |
|
P.I. Coupar, C. Glidewell and G. Ferguson, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1997, 53, 521-33. |
| [bpeH][La(NO3)4(H2O)(bpe)] |
Corrugated (4,4) sheets which have ...Hbpe...Hbpe... chains running through corrugations (like 'Chinese blinds'). |
|
C.V.K. Sharma and R.D. Rogers, Chem. Commun., 1999, 83-4. |
| [Ag2(bpethy)5}(BF4)2, bpethy = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne |
Railroad-like ladders where the terminal rods of on each side penetrate two other ladders each; each square of each ladder penetrated by four rods from four adjacent ladders. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Chem. Commun., 1999, 449-450. |
| [M2(bipy)3(H2O)(phba)2](NO3)2.4H2O, M = Cu, Co, phba = 4-hydroxybenzoate |
Ladders with dangling arms which interdigitate into the square rings of adjacent ladders. |
|
M.-L. Tong, H.-J. Chen and X.-M. Chen, Inorg. Chem., 2000, 39, 2235-2238. |
| [Cu(C16H24N4)(H2O)3•C36H36N24O12] (NO3)4.14H2O |
Polymeric 1D chain rotaxane with Cucurbituril beads. |
-• |
D. Whang, Y.-M. Jeon, J. Heo and K. Kim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 11333-4. |
| [Ag(C16H24N4)C36H36N24O12] (C7H7O3S)3.11H2O |
Polymeric 1D chain rotaxane with Cucurbituril beads. |
-• |
D. Whang and K. Kim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 451-2. |
| [Ag(py-CH2NH2(CH2)5NH2CH2-py) •C36H36N24O12] (NO3)3.12H2O |
Helical, polymeric 1D chain rotaxane with Cucurbituril beads. |
|
D. Whang, J. Heo, C.-A. Kim and K. Kim, Chem. Commun., 1997, 2361. |
| Ag{py-C(O)O(CH2CH2OCH2CH2)5OC(O)-py} ClO4 |
Two 1D chains entangled in pairs; weak Ag-O interactions connect the two. |
|
B. Schmaltz, A. Jouaiti, M.W. Hosseini and A. De Cian, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1242-3. |
| [Fe(bte)2(NCS)2].[Fe(bte)(NCS)2(H2O)2], bte = 1,2-bis-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-ethane |
1D linear chains and 1D chains composed of loops - the linear chains penetrate through the loops of the other chains but are not penetrated themselves. H-bonds crosslink the linear chains. |
|
J.A. Kolnaar, Ph.D. thesis, Leiden University, Leiden, 1998, mentioned in J.G. Haasnoot, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2000, 200-202, 131-185. |
| [Cu2(bpa)2(phen)2(H2O)]2.2H2O, bpa = biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline |
Beautiful structure - extensively interdigitated squares. |
|
G.-F. Liu, B.-H. Ye, Y.-H. Ling and X.-M. Chen, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1442-3. |
| [CdL2(NO3)2][Cd4L4(NO3)6(MeOH)6] [CdL(NO3)3]NO3.2G.3MeOH, L = 4,4'-bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl, G = mesitylene, m-xylene, o-xylene |
Entanglement of (4,4) sheets, 1D ladders, and 1D chains. H-bonding links the 1D ladders and chains, which would give interpenetrating networks. |
|
K. Biradha and M. Fujita, Chem. Commun., 2002, 1866-1867. |
| [Ag(bpp)][Ag2(bpp)2(ox)]NO3, bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, ox = oxalate |
1D chains penetrating in an inclined fashion through (6,3) 2D sheets. |
|
M.-L. Tong, Y.-M. Wu, J. Ru, X.-M. Chen, H.-C. Chang and S. Kitagawa, Inorg. Chem., 2002, 41, 4846-4848. |
| [Mn(dca)2(H2O)2].H2O, dca = dicyanamide |
1D chains penetrating in an inclined fashion through (4,4) 2D sheets. H-bonding crosslinks nets. |
|
K.S. Murray, S.R. Batten, B. Moubaraki, D.J. Price and R. Robson, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1999, 335, 313-322; S.R. Batten, P. Jensen, C.J. Kepert, M. Kurmoo, B. Moubaraki, K.S. Murray and D.J. Price, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 2987-2997. |
| [Cu(Py2C6H12)3(NO3)2] .2[Cu(Py2C6H12)2(H2O)(NO3)] (NO3)2(EtOH), Py2C6H12 = 1,6-bis(4-pyridyl)hexane |
Linear 1D polymers penetrate through the windows of other chain-like 1D polymers. |
|
M.J. Plater, M.R.St.J. Foreman, T. Gelbrich and M.B. Hursthouse, Cryst. Eng., 2001, 4, 319-328. |
| [CuL(solv)(NO3)2] [CuL1.5(NO3)2] .2solv, L = 1,4-bis[(4'-pyridylethynyl) benzene, solv = MeOH or EtOH |
"Interpenetration of 1D rods through 1D ladders" - but rods not penetrated - only the ladders are! |
|
M.B. Zaman, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Chem. Commun., 2001, 2256-2257; M.B. Zaman, K. Udachin, J.A. Ripmeester, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 5047-5059. |
| [Co2(bpe)3(SO4)2(MeOH)2].xSolv, bpe = bis(4-pyridyl)ethane |
Structure contains a single 3D net with catenated 6-membered rings, but not self-penetrating because shortest circuits are 4- and 5-membered rings. |
|
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, CrystEngComm, 2003, 5, 190-199. |
| Cu(HCO2)2(bipy) |
Structure contains a single 3D net with catenated 6-membered rings, but not self-penetrating because shortest circuits are 5-membered rings. Like the self-penetrating Cd(CN)2(bipy) structure, it is composed of a diamond net with a 'cross-bar', however the topology is different. |
|
J.L. Manson, J.G. Lecher, J. Gu, U. Geiser, J.A. Schlueter, R. Henning, X. Wang, A.J. Schultz, H.-J. Koo and M.-H. Whangbo, Dalton Trans., 2003, 2905-2911. |
| Ni(acac)2L.xMeCN.yH2O, L = C2-symmetric 1,1-binaphthyl-6,6'-bipyridine derivatives |
Structure contains 'tubes' of 5-fold helicies; each tube is entangled with four others. |
|
Y. Cui, S.J. Lee and W. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 6014-6015. |
| HgI2L, L = 2,6-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone |
Layers composed of 1D chains running in two inclined directions and showing a 'two-over/two-under' arrangement. |
|
Y.-H. Li, C.-Y. Su, A.M. Goforth, K.D. Shimizu, K.D. Gray, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Chem. Commun., 2003, 1630-1631. |
| Cd(bpea)(phen)2, H2bpea = biphenylethene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline |
Entanglement of nine tubular 1D helicies. |
|
X.-L. Wang, C. Qin, E.-B. Wang, L. Xu, Z.-M. Su and C.-W. Hu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 5036-5040. |
| [Cu(L1)(bipy)(H2O)]NO3 and [Cu(L2)(bipy)(H2O)](NO3)2.3H2O, L1 = L-threoninato, L2 = L-alaninato, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine |
Tubular helicies; each interdigitates with four others. |
|
B.-Y. Lou, R.-H. Wang, D.-Q. yuan, B.-L. Wu, F.-L. Jiang and M.-C. Hong, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2005, 8, 971-974. |
| [Cd2(bpea)(pt)(phen)2] [Cd(pt)(phen)].2H2O, H2bpea = biphenylenethene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, pt = phthalate, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline |
Alternating layers of 1D chains and (4,4) 2D nets; the chains interdigitate into the 2D sheets. |
|
X.-L. Wang, C. Qin, E.-B. Wang, L. Xu, Z.-M. Su and C.-W. Hu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 5036-5040. |
| [AgL2][Co(C2B9H11)2] .9MeCN, L = tris(isonicotinoyl)cyclotriguaiacylene |
Parallel 1D chains that interweave to give 2D sheets. |
|
M.J. Hardie and C.J. Sumby, Inorg. Chem., 2004, 43, 6872-6874. |
| [Cu2(bipy)3(H2O)2(4-aba)2] (NO3)2(H2O)4, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine, 4-aba = 4-aminobenzoate |
1D ladders with side-chains interdigitated into 3D arrangement. |
|
R. Wang, F. Jiang, Y. Zhou, L. Han and M. Hong, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2005, 358, 545-554. |
| Cu4(bpp)4(maa)8(H2O)2.2H2O, bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, Hmaa = 2-methylacrylic acid |
Three strands entangled like a hair plait or braid. |
|
X.-J. Luan, Y.-Y. Wang, D.-S. Li, P. Liu, H.-M. Hu, Q.-Z. Shi and S.-M. Peng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 3864-3867. |
| Zn3(OABDC)2(phen)3.2H2O, H3OABDC = 5-oxoacetate isophthalic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline |
Interdigitated tubes. |
|
X.-Y. Cao, J. Zhang, J.-K. Cheng, Y. Kang and Y.-G. Yao, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 315-317. |
| Not interpenetrating [ top ] |
| 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane / dabco / water (1:1:1) |
H-bonded 2D parallel (6,3) 2-fold nets which are further H-bonded into a single 3D net. |
|
G. Ferguson, W. Bell, P.I. Coupar and C. Glidewell, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1997, 53, 534-43. |
| 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane / piperazine (4:3) |
Two interpenetrating 3D H-bonded net IF piperazine split in half. |
|
G. Ferguson, W. Bell, P.I. Coupar and C. Glidewell, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1997, 53, 534-43. |
| 1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane / 1,2-diaminoethane (2:1) |
Two parallel intptg (6,3) nets of the trihydroxy, cross-linked by weak H-bonds to diamine. C-H..O bonds then give a 3D net. Paper comes up with a notation for interwoven sheets: {p,q,r}, where p = no. of nets to give entire contents of unit cell; q = no. of such nets which are interwoven; r = no. of strands of other nets passing through the reticulations (assumed identical) of any given net. |
(2) |
G. Ferguson, C. Glidewell, R.D. Gregson and P.R. Meehan, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1998, 54, 330-338. |
| tetraoxa-[4]-peristylane |
Claims a 'novel, interpenetrating architecture' generated by C-H..O bonds, but I think it's not interpenetrating. |
|
G. Mehta, R. Vidya and K. Venkatesan, Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 40, 2417-2420. |
| 1,2,4,5-(Et3SnN4C)4C6H2.2H2O |
Self-penetrating, not intptng. |
|
S. Bhandari, M.F. Mahon and K.C. Molloy, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1999, 1951-1956. |
| Co(bipy)(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2 |
H-bonding between two sets of H-bonded 2D inclined (4,4) sheets - i.e. not intptg. |
|
Y.-S. Zhang, G.D. Enright, S.R. Breeze and S. Wang, New J. Chem., 1999, 23, 625-628. |
| [Cd(NO3)2(L)1.5], L = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane |
Claims in one line that it forms an interpenetrating lattice (but shows no diags or cell parameters), then says it's the same as Fujita's version, which is definitely not intptg!!! |
|
Y.-B. Dong, R.C. Layland, M.D. Smith, N. G. Pschirer, U.H.F. Bunz and H.-C. zur Loye, Inorg. Chem., 1999, 38, 3056-3060. cf. M. Fujita, Y.J. Kwon, M. Miyazawa and K. Ogura, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1977-1978; M. Fujita, M. Aoyagi and K. Ogura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1998, 71, 1799-1804. |
| KH2PO4 (KDP) |
Two interpenetrating nets if only count shortest K-O interactions (e.g. 2.834 Å) and ignore second shortest (e.g. 2.900 Å). Probably better described as a single diamond net of H-bonded H2PO4 anions (e.g. O...O = 2.498 Å) with K counterions! |
2 |
S. Endo, T. Chino, S. Tsuboi and K. Koto, Nature, 1989, 340, 452-455. |
| [CuL(solv)(NO3)2][CuL1.5(NO3)2].2solv, L = 1,4-bis[(4'-pyridylethynyl) benzene, solv = MeOH or EtOH |
"Interpenetration of 1D rods through 1D ladders" - but rods not penetrated - only the ladders are! |
|
M.B. Zaman, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Chem. Commun., 2001, 2256-2257; M.B. Zaman, K. Udachin, J.A. Ripmeester, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 5047-5059. |
| Various 1D coordination polymer chains containing 1,4-bis[(3-pyridyl)ethynyl]benzene |
Just a crisscross motif. |
|
M.B. Zaman, K. Udachin, J.A. Ripmeester, M.D. Smith and H.-C. zur Loye, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 5047-5059. |
| [Cu3L2Cl](ClO4)2(H3O)2Cl, H2L = bis(3-propionyloxy)-1,5-diazacyclooctane |
Title mentions an 'interpenetrated double-chain architecture', but chains linked into a single 1D polymer. |
|
M. Du, X.-H. Bu, Y.-M. Guo, J. Ribas and C. Diaz, Chem. Commun., 2002, 2550-2551. |
| 6,13-dihydro-6,13-ethano-5,12-diazapentacene and 6α,13α-dibromo-2,9-dichloro-5bα,6,12bα,13-tetrahydropentaleno[1,2-b:4,5-b']diquinoline |
Interlocked not interpenetrating nets. |
|
S.F. Alshahateet, A.N.M.M. Rahman, R. Bishop, D.C. Craig and M.L. Scudder, CrystEngComm, 2002, 4, 585-590. |
| (Hbipy)2{[(H2O)3Ni(bipy)0.5Ni(bipy)(H2O)4]2 [Mo5P2O23][Ni(bipy)(H2O)2][Mo5P2O23]} .8H2O |
|
|
J. Chen, S. Lu, R. Yu, Z. Chen, Z. Huang and C. Lu, Chem. Commun., 2002, 2640-2641. |
| Ethylenediammonium phenylphosphonate hydrate, and hexamethylenediammonium phenylphosphonate hydrate |
Likely that the word 'interpenetration' is meant to mean 'crosslinked' or similar; neither structure interpenetrating. |
|
A.H. Mahmoudkhani and V. Langer, J. Mol. Struct., 2002, 609, 97-108. |
| M4X4, M = Na, Rb, Cs, X = Pb, Sn |
X4 tetrahedra linked by M to give two interpenetrating diamond nets; however further X-M interactions link the nets together. |
|
M. Baitinger, K. Peters, M. Somer, W. Carrillo-Cabrera, Y. Grin, R. Kniep and H.G. von Schnering, Z. Kristallogr. New Cryst. Struct., 1999, 214, 455-456; M. Baitinger, Y. Grin, R. Kniep and H.G. von Schnering, Z. Kristallogr. New Cryst. Struct., 1999, 214, 457-458; R.E. Marsh and D.P. Shoemaker, Acta Crystallogr., 1953, 6, 197-205. |
| AgL(acetone)x(An), L = 1,3,5-tris(4-cyanobenzoyl)benzene, x = 1.67 (An = BF4), x = 2 (An = PF6) |
Interdigitating but not interpenetrating. |
|
F.C. Pigge, M.D. Burgard and N.P. Rath, Cryst. Growth Des., 2003, 3, 331-337. |
| Cd(Htma)(bipy)(H2O).0.5H2tp.2H2O, H3tma = trimesic acid, H2tp = terephthalic acid |
(4,4) coordination polymer nets and inclined (4,4) H-bonded nets; but H-bonded nets contain parts of coordination polymer nets. |
|
J.-C. Dai, S.-M. Hu, X.-T. Wu, Z.-Y. Fu, W.-X. Du, H.-H. Zhang and R.-Q. Sun, New J. Chem., 2003, 27, 914-918. |
| Co3(btec)(C2O4)(H2O)2, btec = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate |
|
|
Y.-G. Li, N. Hao, E.-B. Wang, Y. Lu, C.-W. Hu and L. Xu, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2003, 2567-2571. |
| (Co(4-pya))3PO4, 4-pya = 4-pyridinecarboxylate |
|
|
X.-G. Zhou, Z.-G. Han, J. Peng, J.-S. Chen, E.-B. Wang, C.-G. Tian, L.-Y. Duan and N.-H. Hu, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2003, 6, 1429-1432. |
| 2,3-lutidine pamoate |
Pairs of parallel interpenetrating (4,4) sheets defined in paper, but really describing a motif rather than a net - i.e. no significant interactions connecting some components of the nets. |
|
D.A. Haynes, W. Jones and W.D.S. Motherwell, CrystEngComm, 2005, 7, 538-543. |
| Pr2(PDA)3(H2O)3.H2O, H2PDA = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid |
A single net overall. |
|
B. Zhao, L. Yi, Y. Dai, X.-Y. Chen, P. Cheng, D.-Z. Liao, S.-P. Yan and Z.-H. Jiang, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 911-920. |
| M(porph).Zn(H2O)2.solv, M = Zn, Pd, Pt, H2porph = tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin |
Interdigitated chains (Zn) or sheets (Pd, Pt), but not interpenetrating. |
|
M. Shmilovits, M. Vinodu and I. Goldberg, Cryst. Growth Des., 2004, 4, 633-638. |
| Er2(bpndc)3(phen), bpndc = benzophenone-4,4'-dicarboxylate |
Interpenetrating sub-structures, but overall a single net (not self-penetrating either). |
|
Y. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Yan and L. Jin, J. Mol. Struct., 2004, 692, 177-186. |
| 2(1,7-phenanthroline) .2H2O .HCl |
"Interpenetrating" nets share nodes, so a single net. |
|
K.K. Arora and V.R. Pedireddi, Cryst. Growth Des., 2005, 5, 1309-1312. |
| Papers of special interest[ top ] |
| |
Various reviews on interpenetration. |
S.R. Batten and R.Robson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1998, 37, 1460-1494; Angew. Chem., 1998, 110, 1558-1595; S.R. Batten and R. Robson, in Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, A Journey Through the World of Molecular Topology, eds. J.-P. Sauvage and C. Dietrich-Buchecker, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999, 77-105; S.R. Batten, CrystEngComm, 2001, 3, 67-73; "Interpenetration", S.R. Batten, Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, Eds. J.L. Atwood and J.W. Steed, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 2004, 735-741. |
| |
Searches of the CSD and ICSD for interpenetrating structures. |
V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2004, 6, 377-395; I.A. Baburin, V.A. Blatov, L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, J. Solid State Chem., 2005, 178, 2471-2493. |
| |
Authors define a 'density of catenation' for 'polycatenated' systems - i.e. those in which lower dimensional nets interpenetrate to give a higher dimension entanglement. |
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, CrystEngComm, 2003, 5, 190-199. |
| |
Review focussing on 'Borromean' interpenetration. |
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, CrystEngComm, 2003, 5, 269-279. |
| |
Excellent review on interpenetration and entanglement; reviewing, in particular 'polycatenanes', and describing 'degree of catenation (Doc)', and 'index of separation (Is)'. |
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani and D.M. Proserpio, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2003, 246, 247-289. |
| |
Interpenetrating sphere packings. |
W. Fischer and E. Koch, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 1976, 32, 225-232; E. Koch and W. Fischer, Z. Kristallogr., 1978, 148, 107-152; E. Koch, Z. Kristallogr., 1984, 166, 23-52; W. Fischer and E. Koch, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 1990, 46, C449-C450; H. Sowa and E. Koch, Z. Kristallogr., 1999, 214, 316-323; H. Sowa and E. Koch, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 2004, 60, 158-166; H. Sowa and E. Koch, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 2005, 61, 331-342. |
| |
Paper comes up with a notation for interwoven sheets: {p,q,r}, where p = no. of nets to give entire contents of unit cell; q = no. of such nets which are interwoven; r = no. of strands of other nets passing through the reticulations (assumed identical) of any given net. |
G. Ferguson, C. Glidewell, R.D. Gregson and P.R. Meehan, Acta Crystallogr., Sect B, 1998, 54, 330-338. |
| |
Introduces parallel/parallel, diagonal/diagonal, parallel/diagonal notation for 2D inclined interpenetrating sheets. |
M.J. Zaworotko, Chem. Commun., 2001, 1-9. |
| |
Discusses interpenetrating diamond nets in detail. |
K.A. Hirsch, S.C. Wilson and J.S. Moore, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 765-771. |
| |
Describes some interpenetrating systems with useful properties. |
J.S. Miller, Adv. Mater., 2001, 13, 525-527. |
| |
Both papers have interesting discussions on interpenetration. |
T.M. Reineke, M. Eddaoudi, D. Moler, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 4843-4844; B. Chen, M. Eddaoudi, S.T. Hyde, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, Science, 2001, 291, 1021-1023. |
| |
A good discussion on 'abnormal' interpenetration of diamondoid nets. |
L. Carlucci, G. Ciani, D.M. Proserpio and S. Rizzato, Chem. Eur. J., 2002, 8, 1520-1526. |
| |
Paper proposes use of interpenetrating nets as a system capable of 'flexing' to accommodate different guests. |
R. Kitaura, K. Seki, G. Akiyama, S. Kitagawa, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 428-431. |
| Li15Al3Si6 |
Structure described as interpenetration of a diamond-like lithium lattice and graphite-like Li3Al3Si6 layers. Obviously lithium lattice is not a 'net', but shows an interesting possible interpenetration topology. |
L. Spina, M. Tillard and C. Belin, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 2003, 59, i9-i10. |
| |
Papers describe interpenetrating 'dual' nets. |
O.D. Friedrichs, M. O'Keefe and O.M. Yaghi, Solid State Sci., 2003, 5, 73-78; O.D. Friedrichs, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 2003, 59, 22-27; O.D. Friedrichs, M. O'Keeffe and O.M. Yaghi, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A, 2003, 59, 515-525. |
| |
Mathematical aspects of interpenetrating nets. |
S.T. Hyde, A.-K. Larsson, T. Di Matteo, S. Ramsden and V. Robins, Aust. J. Chem., 2003, 56, 981-1000. |
| |
Interesting review that looks at coordination polymers in which the bridging ligands are the axles of rotaxanes. |
S.J. Loeb, Chem. Commun., 2005, 1511-1518. |
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Computerised generation of 4-connected nets which produced some interpenetrating nets. |
M.M.J. Treacy, K.H. Randall, S. Rao, J.A. Perry and D.J. Chadi, Z. Kristallogr., 1997, 212, 768-791. |
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Describes the structures of some (non-interpenetrating) compounds, such as helvite and tennantite, in terms of interpenetrating nets. |
M. Schindler, F.C. Hawthorne and W.H. Baur, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1999, 55, 811-829. |
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